| Alexander R. Todd |
1957 |
Chemistry |
for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes |
| Arthur Kornberg |
1959 |
Medicine |
for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid |
| Severo Ochoa |
1959 |
Medicine |
for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid |
| Francis H. Crick |
1962 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material |
| James D. Watson |
1962 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material |
| Maurice H. Wilkins |
1962 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material |
| François Jacob |
1965 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis |
| André Lwoff |
1965 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis |
| Jacques Monod |
1965 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis |
| Robert W. Holley |
1968 |
Medicine |
for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis |
| Har Gobind Khorana |
1968 |
Medicine |
for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis |
| Marshall W. Nirenberg |
1968 |
Medicine |
for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis |
| Christian B. Anfinsen |
1972 |
Chemistry |
for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation |
| Stanford Moore |
1972 |
Chemistry |
for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule |
| William H. Stein |
1972 |
Chemistry |
for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule |
| David Baltimore |
1975 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell |
| Renato Dulbecco |
1975 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell |
| Howard M. Temin |
1975 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell |
| Paul Berg |
1980 |
Chemistry |
for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA |
| Walter Gilbert |
1980 |
Chemistry |
for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids |
| Frederick Sanger |
1980 |
Chemistry |
for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids |
| Sidney Altman |
1989 |
Chemistry |
for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA |
| J. Michael Bishop |
1989 |
Medicine |
for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes |
| Thomas Cech |
1989 |
Chemistry |
for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA |
| Harold E. Varmus |
1989 |
Medicine |
for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes |
| Richard Roberts |
1993 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries of split genes |
| Phillip Sharp |
1993 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries of split genes |
| Sydney Brenner |
2002 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death |
| H. Robert Horvitz |
2002 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death |
| John E. Sulston |
2002 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death |
| Andrew Fire |
2006 |
Medicine |
for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA |
| Roger Kornberg |
2006 |
Chemistry |
for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription |
| Craig Mello |
2006 |
Medicine |
for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA |
| Françoise Barré-Sinoussi |
2008 |
Medicine |
for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus (an RNA virus) |
| Luc Montagnier |
2008 |
Medicine |
for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus (an RNA virus) |
| Elizabeth Blackburn |
2009 |
Medicine |
for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase |
| Carol Greider |
2009 |
Medicine |
for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase |
| Venkatraman Ramakrishnan |
2009 |
Chemistry |
for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome |
| Thomas Steitz |
2009 |
Chemistry |
for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome |
| Jack Szostak |
2009 |
Medicine |
for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase |
| Ada Yonath |
2009 |
Chemistry |
for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome |
| Michael Rosbash |
2017 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm |
| Jeffrey Hall |
2017 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm |
| Michael Young |
2017 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm |
| Charles Rice |
2020 |
Medicine |
for the discovery of the Hepatitis C virus |
| Emmanuel Charpentier |
2020 |
Chemistry |
For the development of a method for genome editing (CRISPR-Cas9) |
| Jennifer Doudna |
2020 |
Chemistry |
For the development of a method for genome editing (CRISPR-Cas9) |
| Katalin Karikó |
2023 |
Medicine |
for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 |
| Victor Ambros |
2024 |
Medicine |
for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation |
| Gary Ruvkun |
2024 |
Medicine |
for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation |
